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===Measures at the European level===
*In 1996, the EU established the '''Trans-European Transport Networks programme (TEN-T)''' to enhance the European infrastructure network. The programme consisting consists of a variety of infrastructural projects aiming to improve the cohesion, interconnection and interoperability of trans-European transport<ref>European Commission. (2017). TEN-T Projects. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/ten-t/ten-t-projects </ref>.
*Adopted in 2009 by the European Commission, the '''Action Plan on Urban Mobility''' includes measures to help local, regional and national authorities in achieving their goals for sustainable urban mobility<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Action Plan on urban mobility.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/urban_mobility/action_plan_en</ref>. In 2013, this commitment was reinforced with 2013 Urban Mobility Package<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Urban Mobility Package.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/urban_mobility/ump_en</ref>.
*Adopted in 2016, the '''Fourth Railway Package''' aims to improve the competitiveness, quality and cost-efficiency of rail transport by opening it to the market and facilitating railway undertakings beyond single Member States<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Fourth Railway Package of 2016.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/modes/rail/packages/2013_en</ref>.
*There is a set of European legislation concerning the use of alternative fuels.The 2009 '''Renewable Energy Directive (RED''') set legally binding targets for Member States to obtain at least 10% of their transport fuels from renewable sources by 2020<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Renewable energy directive.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive</ref>. As the transport sector achieved a 6% share of renewable energy in 2015, some Member States will have to intensify their efforts in order to meet this target<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Progress Report.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/progress-reports</ref>. Additionally, the 2014 '''Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Directive - (AFID''') requires Member States to develop a national policy framework for the market development of alternative fuels and their infrastructure<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Alternative fuels for sustainable mobility in Europe.'' Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/urban/cpt_en</ref>. The 2015 Fuel Quality Directive limit the share of biofuel that can be counted towards the 2020 renewable energy targets to 7%<ref>EUR-Lex. (2015). ''Directive (EU) 2015/1513 of the European Parliament and of the Council.'' Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32015L1513</ref>.
*The EU has several '''financial instruments''' to support investment and research in the area of transport, such as the [[Horizon 2020 work programme]] and the [[Connecting Europe Facility]].
===European States and Local Authorities===
Transport is a policy area in which both the EU and the Member States legislateholds legislative competence. '''National Governments''' therefore play a key role in the making policy decisions-making process, infrastructure investments as well as implementing respective EU legislation. National approaches vary in many aspects, with some Member States being more ambitious in shifting towards sustainable transportation than others.
Often, '''cities and local authorities''' are responsible for urban planning and transport infrastructure. While measures taken by different cities vary largely<ref>EPOMM. (2017). ''TEMS - The EPOMM Modal Split Tool.'' Retrieved fromhttp://www.epomm.eu/tems/result_cities.phtml?more=1</ref>, '''sustainable urban transportation concepts''' include the establishment of public space for low-emission mobility including cycling and walking as well as accessible public transport. There has been both governmental and non-governmental efforts to foster '''cooperation and exchange''' of best practices among cities. On a European level, these include EPOMM <ref>EPOMM. (2017). ''Overview.'' Retrieved from http://www.epomm.eu/index.php?id=2663</ref>, Smart Cities and Communities<ref>European Commission. (2017). ''Smart Cities and Communities.'' Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eip/smartcities/</ref> and EUROCITIES<ref>UROCITIES. (2016). ''about EUROCITIES.'' Retrieved from http://www.eurocities.eu/eurocities/about_us</ref>. To a much smaller extent, there has also been effort for global cooperation of cities such as Action Platform: Urban Electric Mobility Initiative (UEMI)<ref>UEMI. (2017). ''about UEMI.'' Retrieved from http://www.uemi.net/uemi.html</ref>.
===Unsuitability of purely technical solutions===
Analyzing the current trends and policies, the EEA expects European passenger transport to grow by 40% between 2010 and 2050<ref>EEA. (2016). Term 2016: ''Fundamental changes needed for sustainable mobility.'' Retrieved from https://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/term-2016-fundamental-changes-needed.</ref> Furthermore, it expects GHG emissions in 2050 to be three times higher than targeted at envisioned by the EC. The Therefore, the report therefore suggests that '''current policies are insufficient''' in achieving sustainability. The EEA urges that besides technical solutions and improvements in the energy-efficiency of existing modes of transportation, a much more fundamental change in travel behaviour is needed. A Thus, the EES proposed a multi-perspective method is proposed to address the issue: '''Avoid, Shift, Improve''':
*''Avoid'' high transport demand: Measures that aim to reduce the individual’s behaviour in everyday practice of using certain transportation.
*''Shift'' to more sustainable modes with low or zero emission: Measures that facilitate a shift from aviation and road to more energy efficient modes such as waterborne and public transport as well as cycling or walking.
Some factors can be identified that appear to hamper the exploitation of already existing opportunities, such as new transportation technologies, or mobility concepts. These include:
* '''investment in certain infrastructures''': In 2014, the investment into road infrastructure accounted for 52% of European investment in transport. Such high levels are argued to generate new demand, reinforcement of car-dependency, hindering and hinder investment in more sustainable transporttransportation.
[[File:Investment in transport infrastructure - EEA 2016.png|thumb|Investment in transport infrastructure - EEA 2016]]
===Possibilities for change===
A variety of different actions is discussed as carrying holding the potential to create sustainable and accessible transport. In the following, a few options are presented:
*'''Taxation''' constitutes a possible tool to encourage the development and usage of more sustainable alternatives, as for example fuel in the aviation sector. An '''internalisation of external costs''', such as environmental destruction, into the price of transportation could affect consumers decision in their mobility choices. However, high pricing of certain modes of transportation could also increase social injustice in access.
*Measures to '''lower the purchase costs of electric vehicles''' could increase sustainable private mobility, might however have a possible rebound effect resulting in higher emissions and energy-usage.
*'''Shared mobility''', including car sharing, on-demand ride services, ride-sharing and bike sharing, might be increasingly provided by local authorities or private companies such as Car2Go or DriveNow. There However, the are, however, concerns about a possible reverse effect of car sharing, with a decline in public transport ultimately leading to higher emissions<ref>The Guardian. (2017). ''What if Uber kills off public transport rather than cars?'' Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/jan/13/uber-lyft-cars-public-transport-cities-commuting</ref>. Additionally, there is a controversy about exists concerning unfair competition of sharing mobility services, with several countries having banned Uber<ref>The Independent. (2017). ''Uber: Which countries have banned the controversial taxi app.'' Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/uber-ban-countries-where-world-taxi-app-europe-taxi-us-states-china-asia-legal-a7707436.html</ref>.
*'''Public-private partnerships''' promise a more competitive, higher quality and seamless transport.
*'''Multimodality''': the combination of different modes of transport bring hope for a reduction of road transport in urban areas, offering even more public space for zero-emission mobility. At the same time, shared mobility can supplement public transport in more peripheral areas, that would otherwise be inaccessible.
*'''Information and communications technology (ICT)''' enables '''demand responsive transport services''', which could provide more efficient and accessible public transport in rural areas<ref>Ringalink. (2017). ''Demand responsive transport.'' http://www.ringalink.ie/demand-responsive-transport.html</ref>.
*Large potential is seen in the investment into '''technological transportation innovations''' such as '''autonomous vehicles (AVs)'''<ref>Government Technology. (2014). ''How Transportation Technologies Will Change Everything.'' Retrieved from http://www.govtech.com/transportation/How-Transportation-Technologies-Will-Change-Everything-.html</ref> or even more visionary projects like the hyperloop<ref>TechChrunch. (2017). ''Hyperloop Transportation Technologies plans to connect all of Europe, starting with the Czech Republic.'' Retrieved from https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/18/hyperloop-transportation-technologies-plans-to-connect-all-of-europe-starting-with-the-czech-republic/</ref>. There are, however, controversies about these transportations, including concerns about the environmental meaningfulness, security, and economic feasibility<ref>The Guardian. (2016). ''Hyperloop and our misplaced love of futuristic technology.'' Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2016/aug/14/hyperloop-elon-musk-futuristic-technology-transport</ref>.
