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The European Union aims to integrate its Member States' fragmented electricity and natural gas markets into a '''single energy market''', under the pillar of economic [[competitiveness]] which is one of the three key objectives of its [[Energy Strategy]].
=Single market= Competitiveness policies in the European project == ===1950s: European Coal and Steel Community & Euratom===Energy has always been a major point of the European construction. The Paris Treaty signed in 1951, establish '''European Coal and Steel Community''' (ECSC). The aim was to create a common market for coal and steel among Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy and the Netherlands, in order to neutralise competition between European nations over natural resources and ensure a good energy supply within those countries.<br />In 1957, the Treaties of Rome were signed by the ECSC members, including the '''Euratom''' treaty, aiming to foster co-operation in the nuclear field.
== The three phases in the deregulation of the market: deregulation == The first two phases, so-called free energy markethas been a policy topic since the 90s, are following the adoption of Directive 96/9 2 of 19 December 1996 which established the principle of opening up sites of over 100 GW / year in national energy markets. Due to the limited success of this first Directive, it was repealed expressed in 2003 and replaced particular by Directive 2003/54 / EC that aimed at speeding up liberalization. This is commonly referred to as "the second three energy-climate package". In France, these two Directives have been included market packages (in National law through law 20001996-108 of 10 February 2000 and 2004-803 of 9 August 20041998, amended by Law No. 2003-8 of 3 January 2003 and Law No 2006-1537 of 7 December 20062009).
== EU =The First and Second Energy Markets Legislation Packages===The first two phases towards the so-called free market, are following the adoption of Directive 96/9 2 of 19 December 1996 which established the principle of opening up sites of over 100 GW/year in national energy markets. Due to the limited success of this first Directive, it was repealed in 2003 and replaced by [http: //eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0054 Directive 2003/54/EC] that aimed at speeding up liberalisation. This is commonly referred to as the '''second energy-climate package'''. * In France, these two Directives have been included in National law through law 2000-108 of 10 February 2000 and 2004-803 of 9 August 2004, amended by Law No. 2003-8 of 3 January 2003 and Law No 2006-1537 of 7 December 2006. === The Third Energy Package package ===
The third package of energy market liberalisation rests on 5 pillars:
==== Unbundling ====Requires an ownership separation for [[Powergrids|electricity generation and transmission networks]]. Companies active in both generation and transmission are therefore required to split up. This forced split aims at increasing competition.
==== Independent regulators ====
Fostering a competitive energy market requires independent regulators. Among other aspects, regulators are required by law to run independent budgets and be able to impose binding decisions and penalties upon non-compliance.
==== Co-operation of National national regulators ====A new Agency, the [[Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators ]] (ACER), was formed to help national regulators coordinate the smooth functioning of an integrated energy market. The agency is independet independent of the [[European Commission]], [[Shared Competence (EU)|national governments]], and energy companies. Areas of work for the agency include: deciding on cross-border issues in case of disagreement and monitoring e.g. retail prices.
==== Cross-border cooperation of transmission operators ====
National transmission system operators are responsible for ensuring electricity and natural gas is effectively transported through pipelines and grids.
Due to the cross-border nature of Europe's energy market, they must work together to ensure the optimal management of EU networks. This is done through the [[European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity|European Network for Transmission System Operators for Electricity ]] (ENTSO-E) and the European Network for Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). (Taken from: <ref>European Commission [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/markets-and-consumers/market-legislation)Markets and consumers]</ref>
==== Open and fair retail markets ====
Consumer protection is at the heart of the third package. Consumers should be enabled to freely choose or change their suppliers and be make decisions based on accurate information on what they consume.
==Today: Energy Union strategy=Networks and infrastructure=The implementation of In order for the single market to be realised, regulatory integration is needed next to '''infrastructure investments''' in order to have a reliable and integrated energy network in Europe. Financial aid for [[Trans-European Energy Union strategy with a forward looking climate change policy was launched as one of Networks]] has been provided since the political priorities of 1990s and recently the Juncker Commission in February 2015[[Connecting Europe Facility]] has been established for this purpose. The goal Part of this facility is the union is to make energy more securedesignation of priority infrastructure projects, affordable and sustainable. It which will allow a free flow of energy across borders and a secure supply in every receive financial as well as regulatory aid on an EU country through one unique internal energy marketlevel.=Research and innovation=* [[Horizon 2020 work programme]]* [[SET-Plan]] {{Reference}} [[Category:Economic Dimension]][[Category:Technological Dimension]][[Category:Economic Dimension]]
