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The idea that climate change is solely an environmental issue misses the bigger picture - '''climate change represents and perpetuates power imbalances across the world'''. The industrialised nations of the Global North emit about '''80%''' of global greenhouse gases, while developing nations from the Global South face the worst impacts. In fact, global warming poses a threat to some southern vulnerable countries’ survival - rising sea levels will contaminate the drinking water, agriculture, infrastructure and threaten biodiversity in the coastal areas, making some uninhabitable. It is even predicted that entire cities could flood, including Rotterdam and Sydney. Some islands in Africa, Asia and South America are facing the risk of disappearing under water. The regions that will be most affected by the rising sea levels are east, south east and south Asia.<ref>"Sea-Level Rise and Impacts in Africa, 2000 to 2100. Application of the DIVA model to Africa.", retrieved from: https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/economics-of-adaptation/impacts-of-sea-level-rise-in-africa</ref>
So, the debate centers on the obligation of industrialized states - due to '''historical responsibility''' - and international organizations to provide development assistance to developing countries and to invest in energy proportionate to what they emit and use. On the one hand and being mainly responsible historically for emitting the most GHGs we have "the West". Even though the '''EU and the United States of America''' are often seen as '''“the West”''' and in many levels share a set of common values and ideas, when it comes to climate justice, their ideas and policies vary widely. With the USA being the second largest GHG’s emitter - In 2015, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6,587 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents – and with Trump's very well-known '''support of the fossil fuel industry''' and the recent drop out of the Paris Agreement, the '''USA environmental policy''' could severely weaken the chances of mitigating climate change. On the other hand we have the developing countries. The current controversy also focuses on the process of globalization, including the right and possibility of equal participation of developing countries in that process, and its relation to human rights. A number of big emitting emerging economies are unwilling to sign up to a condition that they feel can hamper their economic growth and development. However, '''the climate change fight is difficult if only developed countries reduce their emissions'''. Developing countries, especially the most advanced ones, need to take a part too. For example, the four largest developing nations - '''Brazil, Russia, India and China''' (also called the '''BRIC’s''') - with a combined population of 3 billion people, will have a huge impact on the future of climate change. 
[[File:Climateimpacts.jpg|thumb|Climate Change Impact in 2050]]
Developing countries '''lack the resources''' to address this new environmental and social threat that is climate change. Least developed countries are especially vulnerable, since their budget is stretched to meet basic needs, such as access to food, water, and housing. Also among the '''southern countries''' we see sigificant differences when it comes to targeting climate change. For instance, the '''priorities''' of the Alliance of Small Island States are taking a different path to that of most of the least developed countries because they are most at risk of being affected by the rising sea levels. They demonstrated progressive initiative in striving for legally-binding emissions reduction targets and financing whereas the majority of '''least developed countries''' has been stuck in a rhetoric of '''mistrust and historical responsibility''' at the expense of negative-sum results.
'''Evaluating the effectiveness of international cooperation in addressing climate change is a complex undertaking.''' From the one perspective, the fact that countries are implementing the '''[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]''', the '''[[Kyoto Protocol]]''' and the '''[[Paris Agreement]]''', three major international treaties on the topic, on a gobal scale would suggest that they have sought to cooperate. From another point of view, however, as soon as the cooperation requires effective '''solutions to the climate change problem''', it could be regarded as a failure of countries to effectively cooperate the fact that the both the predictions and the actual consequences of climate change are increasing in intensity.
[[File:Climate-Analytics.jpg|thumb|Average warming projected for 2100]]
Despite this the predictions are still that '''temperature will rise 2,7ºC by 2100'''<ref>Article “COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me?”, retrieved from: http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 </ref> even if all the Paris Agreement conditions are met, which is well above the 2ºC threshold. This calls for further measures and raises the question whether a global power shift in which fossil fuels would no longer be the cheaper fuel is the only way the global climate change threat could be tackled effectively.
 
 
'''<big>Stakeholders</big>'''
 
 
Even though the '''EU and the United States of America''' are often seen as '''“the West”''' and in many levels share a set of common values and ideas, when it comes to climate justice, their ideas and policies vary widely. With the USA being the second largest GHG’s emitter - In 2015, U.S. greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6,587 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents – and with Trump's very well-known '''support of the fossil fuel industry''' and the recent drop out of the Paris Agreement, the '''USA environmental policy''' could severely weaken the chances of mitigating climate change.
 
On an International level, the '''Conference of the Parties (COP)''' is the supreme decision-making body of the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)|UNFCCC]]. All States that are Parties to the Convention are represented at the COP. They '''review the implementation''' of the Convention and any other legal instruments and take decisions necessary to '''promote the effective implementation''' of the Convention, including institutional and administrative arrangements.
 
The '''Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)''' promotes policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world. One of its main focuses is to foster and support new sources of growth through innovation, environmentally friendly ‘green growth’ strategies and the development of emerging economies.<ref>"The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development", retrieved from: http://www.oecd.org/about/ </ref> The OECD has issued a conservative estimate that its member states give the fossil fuels' industry support worth $160-200bn each year.<ref>Article “Vulnerable nations call on G20 to end fossil fuel subsidies by 2020”, retrieved from: http://www.climatechangenews.com/2017/04/24/vulnerable-nations-call-g20-end-fossil-fuel-subsidies-2020/</ref> Another major international body on climate change is '''The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)''', responsible for assessing the science related to climate change.
 
On an European level, '''The European Economic and Social Committee''' is a '''consultative body of the European Union''' and has one specific institution that focuses on sustainability - the [[Sustainable Development Observatory]]. The [[Sustainable Development Observatory]] responds to the need for a '''coherent approach to sustainable development''', including social, environmental and economic dimensions through hearings, conferences, exchange of best practice, local workshops and actions and impact studies.
 
Other important stakeholders:
- [[European Commission]]
- [[Climate vulnerable countries]]
- [[G20]]
- [[International court of justice|International Court of Justice]]
 
<ref>"United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", retrieved from http://newsroom.unfccc.int/ )</ref>
The [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] also has an operating entity of the financial mechanism on an ongoing basis - '''The Global Environment Facility'''. This entity also '''manages two special funds''' established by the Parties: the '''Special Climate Change Fund'''; and the '''Least Developed Country Fund'''.<ref>"The Global Environmental Facility", retrieved from: http://www.thegef.org/about-us</ref> The EU is the largest contributor of climate financing and it still aims to scale up climate financing with the goal of 20% of its budget being spent on climate action by 2020. <ref>Article “Financing Adaptation”, retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/financing_en</ref>  Similarly and emphasizing the importance of monetary aid to the most affected countries by climate change, a number of international organizations are actively engaged in administering and/or operating climate change funds, including the '''United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)''', the '''United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)''', and the U'''nited United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR)'''. Also, a number of multilateral development banks have set up dedicated funds to address climate change. The  In terms of international cooperation, the EU is the largest contributor , besides being a key supporter of climate financing action, international treaties and promoter of international cooperation through funding and it still aims policies, contributes to scale up fighting climate financing change at global level with the goal both '''domestic action''' and '''international cooperation''' through policies, legislation and initiatives for more efficient use of 20% less polluting energy, cleaner and more balanced transport options, more environmentally-friendly land-use and agriculture, more sustainable cities more climate-resilient communities and fewer emissions from all sectors of its budget being spent on our economy.<ref>"Adaptation to climate action by 2020change", retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation_en</ref>  The EU development cooperation policy: the '''Agenda for Change''' pays particular attention to the energy sector for inclusive sustainable growth. It aims to improve access to affordable and sustainable energy, enhance energy efficiency and increase the use of renewable energy sources. <ref>Article “Financing Adaptation”"EU Communication on the Agenda for Change", retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/climaeuropeaid/policies/adaptationeuropean-development-policy/financing_enagenda-change_en</ref>It has also committed, in the global initiative '''[http://www.se4all.org/ Sustainable Energy for All]''', to helping provide 500 million people in developing countries with access to sustainable energy services by 2030. Furthermore, the EU launched the '''[http://www.gcca.eu/ Global Climate Change AlliancePlus (GCCA+)]''', a seven-year programme to help the world’s most vulnerable places tackle climate change
The In terms of internal policy, the [[European Commission]] has developed the '''2050 low-carbon roadmap''', that aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions in the EU to 80% below 1990 levels.<ref>"2050 low-carbon roadmap", retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en</ref> The EU has set itself targets to put itself on the way to achieve the transformation towards a low-carbon economy as detailed in the '''2050 low-carbon roadmap'''. These targets aim to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions progressively up to 2050. The roadmap sets out a '''cost-efficient pathway to reach the 80% target by 2050''' through actions in all main sectors, concluding it is feasible and cost-effective in the long run, as long as innovation and investments are present.
[[File:Targets.png|thumb|Image 3 - Possible 80% cut in greenhouse gas emissions in the EU]]
<big>'''Opportunities'''</big>
 
Since this topic will be tackled in a EU perspective, it is crucial to define the EU's stance as well as the opportunities of using soft power to influence a truly global matter. Soft power refers to the ability of making a stance and a change through talk, external policies, culture and political debate; opposite to the use of hard power - force, coercion and using money as means of persuasion. The EU is a major stakeholder in the climate justice issue and must represent the moral values that it defends throughout all the process.
The use of soft power sources, identified as “culture”, “political institutions” and “foreign policy” becomes especially relevant when it comes to the BRICs. How can the '''EU influence''' these economic powers that are still now deciding between fossil fuels or clean energy and human rights or economic growth? We must also take into account that the path the BRIC’s choose now will also influence the future of the countries that are going to be in the spotlight of development soon, such as Colombia, Nepal, Indonesia and the Balkan countries.
The '''EU’s stance''' on climate justice is that financial support to developing countries should be based on '''"low carbon development strategies"''' developed by them. These should set out which measures a country can take without additional financial and technical assistance. The [[European Commission]] also proposes that developed countries can contribute via the use of '''carbon crediting mechanisms and public funding'''. Public financial contributions should be based on emission levels and each country’s economic capability<ref>"Climate action", retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/international/cooperation_en</ref>.
In terms '''The European Economic and Social Committee''' is a '''consultative body of international cooperationthe European Union''' and has one specific institution that focuses on sustainability - the [[Sustainable Development Observatory]]. The [[Sustainable Development Observatory]] responds to the need for a '''coherent approach to sustainable development''', including social, environmental and economic dimensions through hearings, the EUconferences, besides being a key supporter exchange of climate actionbest practice, international treaties local workshops and actions and promoter impact studies. In terms of international cooperation through funding and policiesInternational Cooperation, contributes in order to fighting climate change at global level with both achieve the [[UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development|UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] the first step is the '''domestic actionmapping exercise of external policies''' . It also needs to identify the real gaps that exist between current external policies and the future ones. The future ones should include in a balanced and fair way, the economic, social and environmental pillars of the 2030 Agenda. For this, the EU needs to make civil society organisations in third countries '''real partners in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.'''international cooperationThe [[European Commission]] has drafted a [http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/swd-key-european-actions-2030-agenda-sdgs-390-20161122_en.pdf document] establishing the ''' through priorities, policies, legislation funds and initiatives for more efficient use other actions''' cover all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This document assures they provide a '''significant contribution''' to the implementation of less polluting energythe SDGs, cleaner both within the EU and more balanced transport optionsthrough EU external action. The EU has created and supported internal and international projects and funds to help climate vulnerable countries and to support alternative energy development, more environmentallybut can it '''use its soft powers to influence major emerging economic powers to follow the same path'''? The supreme decision-friendly landmaking body of the UNFCCC -use and agriculture, more sustainable cities more climatethe [[Conference of the Parties|COP]] -resilient communities and fewer emissions from has representants of all sectors the countries that are part of our economy.<ref>"Adaptation the Convention and is the biggest annual meeting to debate climate change", retrieved . '''[[Conference of the Parties|COP]] 22''' took place in Marrakech in 2016 and marked the transition from: https://ecthe main discussion being developing the [[Paris Agreement]] to how to better implement it.europa'''[[Conference of the Parties|COP]] 23''' will take place in Bonn in November 2018 and will for sure debate the best '''international approach''' to dealing with the opting out of the [[Paris Agreement]] by the United States of America and the '''future of the Agreement'''.eu/clima/policies/adaptation_enWhat should the EU's stance be in COP 23?  '''<big>Other Important Stakeholders</refbig>'''
In order to achieve the [[UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development|UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] the first step is the '''mapping exercise of external policies'''. It also needs a detailed and comprehensive gap analysis and assessment in order to identify the real gaps that exist between current external policies and programmes and the future ones. The future ones should fully include, mainstream and integrate, in a balanced and fair way, the economic, social and environmental pillars of the 2030 Agenda. For this, the EU needs to make civil society organisations in third countries '''real partners in the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.''' The [[European Commission]] has drafted a [http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/swd-key-european-actions-2030-agenda-sdgs-390-20161122_en.pdf document] establishing the '''priorities, policies, funds and other actions''' cover all Sustainable Development Goals and making sure they provide a '''significant contribution''' to their implementation, both within the EU and through EU external action.
'''COP 22''' took place in Marrakech in 2016 and marked the transition from the main discussion being developing the - [[Paris AgreementClimate vulnerable countries]] to how to better implement it. '''COP 23''' will take place in Bonn in November 2018 and will for sure debate the best '''international approach''' to dealing with the opting out of the - [[Paris AgreementG20]] by the United States - [[International court of America justice|International Court of Justice]] - [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and the '''future of the Agreement'''. What should the EU's stance be in COP 23?Development]] - [[The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]]
People are being forced to leave their homes, losing their lives and more and more human rights are being threatened due to climate change, especially minorities’.
The EU has had a historically valuable role in the climate justice fight, with its groundbreaking policies, conferences, research support, external policies and monetary aids. However, how far can the EU impact the reality of climate change whilst other developed countries, like the USA, turn its back to their historical duties to the rest of the world? How The EU-28 represents only 6,9% of the global population<ref>"The EU in the world - population", retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/The_EU_in_the_world_-_population</ref> and therefore reducing its GHGs emissions can only help so far can in the EU impact climate change whilst fight. Whilst safeguarding the right to development is undoubtely important, the road to climate justice calls for unprecedental international cooperation. The EU is in itself the most successful peace project in world history, having put to an end the sceptre of developing countrieswar between its members states. How can it use its soft powers to help mitigate climate change? What are the next steps to be taken to achieve a greener world and how can the EU help reach it through domestic policies and soft power?
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