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===The First and Second Energy Packages===
The first two phases towards the so-called free market, are following the adoption of Directive 96/9 2 of 19 December 1996 which established the principle of opening up sites of over 100 GW/year in national energy markets. Due to the limited success of this first Directive, it was repealed in 2003 and replaced by [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0054 Directive 2003/54/EC] that aimed at speeding up liberalizationliberalisation. This is commonly referred to as the '''second energy-climate package'''.
* In France, these two Directives have been included in National law through law 2000-108 of 10 February 2000 and 2004-803 of 9 August 2004, amended by Law No. 2003-8 of 3 January 2003 and Law No 2006-1537 of 7 December 2006.
The third package of energy market liberalisation rests on 5 pillars:
==== Unbundling ====
Requires an ownership separation for [[Powergrids|electricity generation and transmission networks]]. Companies active in both generation and transmission are therefore required to split up. This forced split aims at increasing competition.
==== Independent regulators ====
==== Co-operation of national regulators ====
A new Agency, the [[Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators ]] (ACER), was formed to help national regulators coordinate the smooth functioning of an integrated energy market. The agency is independet independent of the [[European Commission]], [[Shared Competence (EU)|national governments]], and energy companies. Areas of work for the agency include: deciding on cross-border issues in case of disagreement and monitoring e.g. retail prices.
==== Cross-border cooperation of transmission operators ====
National transmission system operators are responsible for ensuring electricity and natural gas is effectively transported through pipelines and grids.
Due to the cross-border nature of Europe's energy market, they must work together to ensure the optimal management of EU networks. This is done through the [[European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity|European Network for Transmission System Operators for Electricity ]] (ENTSO-E) and the European Network for Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). (Taken from: <ref>European Commission [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/markets-and-consumers/market-legislation)Markets and consumers]</ref>
==== Open and fair retail markets ====
Consumer protection is at the heart of the third package. Consumers should be enabled to freely choose or change their suppliers and be make decisions based on accurate information on what they consume.
==Networks and infrastructure?==For this purposeIn order for the single market to be realised, regulatory integration is needed next to '''infrastructure investments''' in order to have a reliable and integrated energy network in Europe. Financial aid for [[Trans-European Energy Networks]] has been provided since the 1990s and recently the [[Connecting Europe Facility]] has been established for this purpose. Part of this facility is the designation of priority infrastructure projects, which will receive financial as well as regulatory aid on an EU level.=Research and innovation=* [[Horizon 2020 work programme]]* [[SET-Plan]]
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[[Category:Economic Dimension]]
[[Category:Technological Dimension]]
[[Category:Economic Dimension]]