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===The First and Second Energy Packages===
The first two phases towards the so-called free market, are following the adoption of Directive 96/9 2 of 19 December 1996 which established the principle of opening up sites of over 100 GW/year in national energy markets. Due to the limited success of this first Directive, it was repealed in 2003 and replaced by [http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32003L0054 Directive 2003/54/EC] that aimed at speeding up liberalizationliberalisation. This is commonly referred to as the '''second energy-climate package'''.
* In France, these two Directives have been included in National law through law 2000-108 of 10 February 2000 and 2004-803 of 9 August 2004, amended by Law No. 2003-8 of 3 January 2003 and Law No 2006-1537 of 7 December 2006.
The third package of energy market liberalisation rests on 5 pillars:
==== Unbundling ====
Requires an ownership separation for [[Powergrids|electricity generation and transmission networks]]. Companies active in both generation and transmission are therefore required to split up. This forced split aims at increasing competition.
==== Independent regulators ====
==== Co-operation of national regulators ====
A new Agency, the [[Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators]] (ACER), was formed to help national regulators coordinate the smooth functioning of an integrated energy market. The agency is independent of the [[European Commission]], [[National GovernmentsShared Competence (EU)|national governments]], and energy companies. Areas of work for the agency include: deciding on cross-border issues in case of disagreement and monitoring e.g. retail prices.
==== Cross-border cooperation of transmission operators ====
National transmission system operators are responsible for ensuring electricity and natural gas is effectively transported through pipelines and grids.
Due to the cross-border nature of Europe's energy market, they must work together to ensure the optimal management of EU networks. This is done through the [[European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity|European Network for Transmission System Operators for Electricity ]] (ENTSO-E) and the European Network for Transmission System Operators for Gas (ENTSOG). (Taken from: <ref>European Commission [https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/markets-and-consumers/market-legislation)Markets and consumers]</ref>
==== Open and fair retail markets ====
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[[Category:Economic Dimension]]
[[Category:Technological Dimension]]
[[Category:Economic Dimension]]